
@article {88401,
	title = {Evidence for facultative migratory flight behavior in Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in India.},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021},
	pages = {e0245665},
	abstract = {<p>Despite its deleterious impact on farming and agriculture, the physiology and energetics of insect migration is poorly understood due to our inability to track their individual movements in the field. Many insects, e.g. monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.), are facultative migrants. Hence, it is important to establish whether specific insect populations in particular areas migrate. The polyphagous insect, Helicoverpa armigera (H{\"u}bner), is especially interesting in this regard due to its impact on a variety of crops. Here, we used a laboratory-based flight mill assay to show that Helicoverpa armigera populations clearly demonstrate facultative migration in South India. Based on various flight parameters, we categorized male and female moths as long, medium or short distance fliers. A significant proportion of moths exhibited long-distance flight behavior covering more than 10 km in a single night, averaging about 8 flight hours constituting 61\% flight time in the test period. The maximum and average flight speeds of these long fliers were greater than in the other categories. Flight activity across sexes also varied; male moths exhibited better performance than female moths. Wing morphometric parameters including forewing length, wing loading, and wing aspect ratio were key in influencing long-distance flight. Whereas forewing length positively correlated with flight distance and duration, wing loading was negatively correlated.</p>
},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0245665},
	author = {Jyothi, Patil and Aralimarad, Prabhuraj and Wali, Vijaya and Dave, Shivansh and Bheemanna, M and Ashoka, J and Shivayogiyappa, Patil and Lim, Ka S and Chapman, Jason W and Sane, Sanjay P}
}
@article {7039,
	title = {Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies.},
	journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci},
	volume = {371},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016 Sep 26},
	abstract = {<p>High-flying insect migrants have been shown to display sophisticated flight orientations that can, for example, maximize distance travelled by exploiting tailwinds, and reduce drift from seasonally optimal directions. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical evidence for the mechanisms underlying the selection and maintenance of the observed flight headings, and the detection of wind direction and speed, for insects flying hundreds of metres above the ground. Different mechanisms may be used-visual perception of the apparent ground movement or mechanosensory cues maintained by intrinsic features of the wind-depending on circumstances (e.g. day or night migrations). In addition to putative turbulence-induced velocity, acceleration and temperature cues, we present a new mathematical analysis which shows that {\textquoteright}jerks{\textquoteright} (the time-derivative of accelerations) can provide indicators of wind direction at altitude. The adaptive benefits of the different orientation strategies are briefly discussed, and we place these new findings for insects within a wider context by comparisons with the latest research on other flying and swimming organisms.This article is part of the themed issue {\textquoteright}Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight{\textquoteright}.</p>
},
	issn = {1471-2970},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2015.0392},
	author = {Reynolds, Andy M and Reynolds, Don R and Sane, Sanjay P and Hu, Gao and Chapman, Jason W}
}
