
@article {99107,
	title = {Global Commitments to Conserving and Monitoring Genetic Diversity Are Now Necessary and Feasible.},
	journal = {Bioscience},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021 Sep},
	pages = {964-976},
	abstract = {<p>Global conservation policy and action have largely neglected protecting and monitoring genetic diversity-one of the three main pillars of biodiversity. Genetic diversity (diversity within species) underlies species{\textquoteright} adaptation and survival, ecosystem resilience, and societal innovation. The low priority given to genetic diversity has largely been due to knowledge gaps in key areas, including the importance of genetic diversity and the trends in genetic diversity change; the perceived high expense and low availability and the scattered nature of genetic data; and complicated concepts and information that are inaccessible to policymakers. However, numerous recent advances in knowledge, technology, databases, practice, and capacity have now set the stage for better integration of genetic diversity in policy instruments and conservation efforts. We review these developments and explore how they can support improved consideration of genetic diversity in global conservation policy commitments and enable countries to monitor, report on, and take action to maintain or restore genetic diversity.</p>
},
	issn = {0006-3568},
	doi = {10.1093/biosci/biab054},
	author = {Hoban, Sean and Bruford, Michael W and Funk, W Chris and Galbusera, Peter and Griffith, M Patrick and Grueber, Catherine E and Heuertz, Myriam and Hunter, Margaret E and Hvilsom, Christina and Stroil, Belma Kalamujic and Kershaw, Francine and Khoury, Colin K and Laikre, Linda and Lopes-Fernandes, Margarida and MacDonald, Anna J and Mergeay, Joachim and Meek, Mariah and Mittan, Cinnamon and Mukassabi, Tarek A and O{\textquoteright}Brien, David and Ogden, Rob and Palma-Silva, Clarisse and Ramakrishnan, Uma and Segelbacher, Gernot and Shaw, Robyn E and Sj{\"o}gren-Gulve, Per and Veli{\v c}kovi{\'c}, Nevena and Vernesi, Cristiano}
}
@article {81504,
	title = {Genetic diversity targets and indicators in the CBD post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework must be improved},
	journal = {BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION},
	volume = {248},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	abstract = {<p>The 196 parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will soon agree to a post-2020 global framework for conserving the three elements of biodiversity (genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) while ensuring sustainable development and benefit sharing. As the most significant global conservation policy mechanism, the new CBD framework has far-reaching consequences- it will guide conservation actions and reporting for each member country until 2050. In previous CBD strategies, as well as other major conservation policy mechanisms, targets and indicators for genetic diversity (variation at the DNA level within species, which facilitates species adaptation and ecosystem function) were undeveloped and focused on species of agricultural relevance. We assert that, to meet global conservation goals, genetic diversity within all species, not just domesticated species and their wild relatives, must be conserved and monitored using appropriate metrics. Building on suggestions in a recent Letter in Science (Laikre et al., 2020) we expand argumentation for three new, pragmatic genetic indicators and modifications to two current indicators for maintaining genetic diversity and adaptive capacity of all species, and provide guidance on their practical use. The indicators are: 1) the number of populations with effective population size above versus below 500, 2) the proportion of populations maintained within species, 3) the number of species and populations in which genetic diversity is monitored using DNA-based methods. We also present and discuss Goals and Action Targets for post-2020 biodiversity conservation which are connected to these indicators and underlying data. These pragmatic indicators and goals have utility beyond the CBD; they should benefit conservation and monitoring of genetic diversity via national and global policy for decades to come.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108654},
	author = {Hoban, Sean and Bruford, Michael and Jackson, JD and Lopes-Fernandes, M and ....... and Ramakrishnan, Uma and et al}
}
