
@article {78164,
	title = {More than smell - COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis.},
	journal = {Chem Senses},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020 Jun 20},
	abstract = {<p>Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation and initial results of a multi-lingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in three distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, 8 other, ages 19-79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change {\textpm}100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (-79.7 {\textpm} 28.7, mean {\textpm} SD), taste (-69.0 {\textpm} 32.6), and chemesthetic (-37.3 {\textpm} 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell, but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.</p>
},
	issn = {1464-3553},
	doi = {10.1093/chemse/bjaa041},
	author = {Parma, Valentina and Ohla, Kathrin and Veldhuizen, Maria G and Niv, Masha Y and Kelly, Christine E and Bakke, Alyssa J and Cooper, Keiland W and Bouysset, C{\'e}dric and Pirastu, Nicola and Dibattista, Michele and Kaur, Rishemjit and Liuzza, Marco Tullio and Pepino, Marta Y and Sch{\"o}pf, Veronika and Pereda-Loth, Veronica and Olsson, Shannon B and Gerkin, Richard C and Rohlfs Dom{\'\i}nguez, Paloma and Albayay, Javier and Farruggia, Michael C and Bhutani, Surabhi and Fjaeldstad, Alexander W and Kumar, Ritesh and Menini, Anna and Bensafi, Moustafa and Sandell, Mari and Konstantinidis, Iordanis and Di Pizio, Antonella and Genovese, Federica and {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Lina and Thomas-Danguin, Thierry and Frasnelli, Johannes and Boesveldt, Sanne and Saatci, {\"O}zlem and Saraiva, Luis R and Lin, Cailu and Golebiowski, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Dar Hwang, Liang- and Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan and Gu{\`a}rdia, Maria Dolors and Laudamiel, Christophe and Ritchie, Marina and Havl{\'\i}cek, Jan and Pierron, Denis and Roura, Eugeni and Navarro, Marta and Nolden, Alissa A and Lim, Juyun and Whitcroft, K L and Colquitt, Lauren R and Ferdenzi, Camille and Brindha, Evelyn V and Altundag, Aytug and Macchi, Alberto and Nunez-Parra, Alexia and Patel, Zara M and Fiorucci, S{\'e}bastien and Philpott, Carl M and Smith, Barry C and Lundstr{\"o}m, Johan N and Mucignat, Carla and Parker, Jane K and van den Brink, Mirjam and Schmuker, Michael and Fischmeister, Florian Ph S and Heinbockel, Thomas and Shields, Vonnie D C and Faraji, Farhoud and Santamar{\'\i}a, Enrique and Fredborg, William E A and Morini, Gabriella and Olofsson, Jonas K and Jalessi, Maryam and Karni, Noam and D{\textquoteright}Errico, Anna and Alizadeh, Rafieh and Pellegrino, Robert and Meyer, Pablo and Huart, Caroline and Chen, Ben and Soler, Graciela M and Alwashahi, Mohammed K and Welge-L{\"u}ssen, Antje and Freiherr, Jessica and de Groot, Jasper H B and Klein, Hadar and Okamoto, Masako and Singh, Preet Bano and Hsieh, Julien W and Reed, Danielle R and Hummel, Thomas and Munger, Steven D and Hayes, John E}
}
