
@article {35862,
	title = {Investigating the viral ecology of global bee communities with high-throughput metagenomics.},
	journal = {Sci Rep},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 Jun 11},
	pages = {8879},
	abstract = {<p>Bee viral ecology is a fascinating emerging area of research: viruses exert a range of effects on their hosts, exacerbate impacts of other environmental stressors, and, importantly, are readily shared across multiple bee species in a community. However, our understanding of bee viral communities is limited, as it is primarily derived from studies of North American and European Apis mellifera populations. Here, we examined viruses in populations of A. mellifera and 11 other bee species from 9 countries, across 4 continents and Oceania. We developed a novel pipeline to rapidly and inexpensively screen for bee viruses. This pipeline includes purification of encapsulated RNA/DNA viruses, sequence-independent amplification, high throughput sequencing, integrated assembly of contigs, and filtering to identify contigs specifically corresponding to viral sequences. We identified sequences for (+)ssRNA, (-)ssRNA, dsRNA, and ssDNA viruses. Overall, we found 127 contigs corresponding to novel viruses (i.e. previously not observed in bees), with 27 represented by \&gt;0.1\% of the reads in a given sample, and 7 contained an RdRp or replicase sequence which could be used for robust phylogenetic analysis. This study provides a sequence-independent pipeline for viral metagenomics analysis, and greatly expands our understanding of the diversity of viruses found in bee communities.</p>
},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-27164-z},
	author = {Galbraith, David A and Fuller, Zachary L and Ray, Allyson M and Brockmann, Axel and Frazier, Maryann and Gikungu, Mary W and Martinez, J Francisco Iturralde and Kapheim, Karen M and Kerby, Jeffrey T and Kocher, Sarah D and Losyev, Oleksiy and Muli, Elliud and Patch, Harland M and Rosa, Cristina and Sakamoto, Joyce M and Stanley, Scott and Vaudo, Anthony D and Grozinger, Christina M}
}
