
@article {60329,
	title = {How Do Trait-Mediated Non-lethal Effects of Predation Affect Population-Level Performance of Mosquitoes?},
	journal = {Front Ecol Evol},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019 Feb},
	abstract = {<p>Non-lethal, trait-mediated effects of predation impact prey behavior and life-history traits. Studying how these effects in turn influence prey demography is crucial to understand prey life-history evolution. Mosquitoes are important vectors that claim several million lives every year worldwide by transmitting a range of pathogens. Several ecological factors affect life-history traits of both larval and adult mosquitoes, creating effects that cascade to population-level consequences. Few studies have comprehensively explored the non-lethal effects of predation and its interactions with resources and competition on larval, adult, and population traits of mosquitoes. Understanding these interactions is important because the effects of predation are hypothesized to rescue prey populations from the effects of density-dependence resulting from larval competition. larvae reared at two different larval densities and subjected to three non-lethal predator treatments were monitored for survival, development time, and adult size through the larval stages to adult eclosion, and adult females were monitored for survival and reproduction through their first gonotrophic cycle. Intraspecific competition increased larval development time, yielded small-bodied adults, and reduced fecundity in individuals exposed to predatory chemical cues as larvae. Exposure to cues from a living predator affected both body size and latency to blood feed in females. Analysis of life-table traits revealed significant effects of competition on net reproductive rate () of mosquitoes. The interaction between competition and predator treatments significantly affected the cohort rate of increase () and the index of performance ({\textquoteright}). The index of performance, which estimates rate of population change based on the size-fecundity relationship, was significantly and positively correlated with , but overestimated slightly. Lack of significant effect of predator treatments and larval density on cohort generation time () further suggests that the observed effects of treatments on and were largely a consequence of the effects on . Also, the significant effects of treatment combinations on larval development time, adult body size and fecundity were ultimately manifested as effects on life-table traits estimated from adult survival and reproduction.</p>
},
	issn = {2296-701X},
	doi = {10.3389/fevo.2019.00025},
	author = {Chandrasegaran, Karthikeyan and Juliano, Steven A}
}
@article {29733,
	title = {Context-dependent interactive effects of non-lethal predation on larvae impact adult longevity and body composition.},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {e0192104},
	abstract = {<p>Predation impacts development, behavior and morphology of prey species thereby shaping their abundances, distribution and community structure. Non-lethal threat of predation, specifically, can have a strong influence on prey lifehistory characteristics. While investigations often focus on the impact of predation threat on prey in isolation, tests of its interactive effects with food availability and resource competition on prey survival and fitness can improve understanding of costs, benefits and trade-offs of anti-predator strategies. This study, involving Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as a model organism, investigates both simple and interactive effects of predation threat during the larval stage on survival, size at and time to maturity, stored teneral reserves of glycogen, protein and lipid in adults, and adult longevity. Our results show that development times of mosquito larvae were increased (by 14.84\% in males and by 97.63\% in females), and size of eclosing adults decreased (by 62.30\% in males and by 58.33\% in females) when exposed to lowered nutrition and elevated intraspecific competition, but that predation had no detectable effect on these simple traits. Teneral reserves of glycogen, protein and lipid and adult longevity were positively correlated with adult body size. Non-lethal predation threat had significant interactive effects with nutrition and larval competition on teneral reserves in males and adult longevity in males and females. The sexes responded differently to conditions encountered as larvae, with the larval environment affecting development and adult characteristics more acutely for females than for males. The outcome of this study shows how threat of predation on juveniles can have long-lasting effects on adults that are likely to impact mosquito population dynamics and that may impact disease transmission.</p>
},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0192104},
	author = {Chandrasegaran, Karthikeyan and Kandregula, Samyuktha Rao and Quader, Suhel and Juliano, Steven A}
}
